Learn electronics, coding, and projects — step by step.
Serial communication allows your Arduino to send and receive data from your computer or other devices. It is one of the most important tools for debugging, logging data, and interacting with your projects in real time.
Analog inputs allow your Arduino to read variable voltages from sensors or devices, typically ranging from 0 to 5V. These inputs are useful for devices like potentiometers, light sensors, and temperature sensors, which produce a continuous range of values rather than just HIGH or LOW.
Arduino boards cannot produce true analog voltages on their digital pins. Instead, they use PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) to simulate analog output. PWM rapidly switches a pin between HIGH and LOW, and the ratio of ON time to OFF time determines the effective voltage.
Digital inputs allow your Arduino to read the state of external devices, such as buttons, switches, or sensors, which can be either HIGH (ON) or LOW (OFF).
Digital outputs allow your Arduino to control devices by setting pins to either HIGH (5V) or LOW (0V). These outputs are commonly used to drive LEDs, buzzers, and relays.